Volcanism and climate: chicken and egg (or vice versa)?

The topics covered in an energetic and broad-reaching discussion included the effects of climate on volcanic activity and vice versa, uncertainties about volcanic CO2 emissions and feedbacks and complexities in the volcano–climate system. The discussion ended in consensus about the need for a variety of modelling approaches to better characterize poorly understood feedbacks between volcanoes and climate. A summary of the main material covered is provided below.